Philip Hahn

1 Introduction The establishment of non-native species in novel environments contributes to global change by altering biotic interactions and ecosystem functioning (Bellard et al. 2022; Vilà et al. 2011). Unlike natives, non-natives lack a long coevolutionary history with the organisms in their introduced range. The idea that a lack of evolutionary history influences interactions with other organisms has a long history in ecology (Darwin 1859).

Abstract The Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) proposes that non-native plants escape their co-evolved herbivores and benefit from reduced herbivory in their introduced ranges. Numerous studies have tested this hypothesis, with conflicting results, but previous studies focus on average levels of herbivory and overlook the substantial within-population variability in herbivory, which may provide unique insights into the ERH.

Data analysis All analyses were conducted in R version 4.2.2 (R Core Team, 2021). Models were fit using “glmmTMB” (Brooks et al., 2017), residuals were assessed using DHARMa (Hartig, 2020) and Wald χ2 and p-values were obtained by using the Anova() function from package “car” (Fox & Weisberg, 2019). We used the emmeans() function from package “emmeans” (Lenth, 2020) to obtain estimated marginal means, which were back-transformed to the original scale.