Phong Teck Lee

Average (ratings) Abstract Congenital heart disease manifests as structural cardiac anomalies present at birth, with a subset persisting into adulthood as adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). These conditions necessitate lifelong imaging surveillance to guide clinical management. Echocardiography serves as the primary imaging modality, offering detailed assessment of cardiac anatomy and function.

Average (ratings) Abstract Background: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a distinctive aetiology of cryptogenic stroke. The established benchmark for diagnosing PFO is the transoesophageal echocardiography with agitated saline or ‘bubble’ (TOE-b) study. Transcranial Doppler with bubble (TCD-b) or transthoracic echocardiography with bubble (TTE-b) examinations are common initial screening tests for PFO.

Average (ratings) Abstract Keywords Adult congenital heart disease, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary regurgitation, percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation, Melody valve, Edwards Sapien S3 valve, Disclosure:JY received speaker honoraria from Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Edwards, GE HealthCare, J&J, Kaneka, Medtronic and Terumo via National Heart Centre Singapore; and is on the Journal of Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology editorial board; this did not influence peer review.