Pil Soo Sung

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently coexists with portal hypertension, significantly increasing the risk of hepatic decompensation (HD) and variceal bleeding during systemic therapy. We developed a machine learning based hepatic safety score (MHSS) using data from 2026 patients with unresectable HCC to predict clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) and prognosis.

Citation: Yang K, Lee J, Jang JW, Sung PS, Han JW (2026) Evaluating the clinical utility of large language models for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment recommendations: A nationwide retrospective registry study. PLoS Med 23(1): e1004855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004855 Academic Editor: Amit Singal, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Received: October 1, 2025; Accepted: November 24, 2025; Published: January 13, 2026 Copyright: © 2026 Yang et al.

Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a communicable chronic disease that poses a significant threat to public health. It is estimated that approximately 296 million people worldwide are infected with HBV, resulting in 1 million deaths annually (1). HBV is a hepatotropic virus that causes hepatocyte injury, immune cell infiltration, and liver fibrosis (2). As a result, patients may develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (3).