Pinxue Li

Introduction Achieving stable and predictable bone implant integration remains a key goal in orthopaedic surgery, particularly for large bone defects or patients with compromised bone quality. Conditions, such as osteoporosis and diabetes, impair osseointegration, prolong healing, and increase implant failure risk.

1 INTRODUCTION The poor long-term results of rotator cuff tear (RCT) surgery, caused by the intricate tendon-bone gradient structure, often lead to high retearing rates, which will ultimately cause substantial pain and a heavy economic burden for patients.1, 2 The tendon-bone junction structure of the normal rotator cuff contains the layer-by-layer evolution of tendon, cartilage, and bone, which in turn includes different cellular and matrix components, the arrangement of collagen fibres, and...