Poh Hwa Ooi

1 Introduction Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and deteriorated bone microstructure, resulting in increased bone fragility and elevated fracture risk in different skeletal sites [1]. Osteoporosis affects approximately 200 million women and one-fifth of men worldwide, particularly in those aged 65 years or above [2]. Global mortality attributable to osteoporosis has increased from 207 367 in 1990 to 437 884 in 2019 [3].

Introduction The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a seasonal illness. COVID-19 has affected more than 700 million people and caused nearly 7 million deaths worldwide as of October 2023.

4. Discussion This prospective cohort study demonstrates that there was no difference in the vaccine efficacy in terms of neutralizing antibody response to wild-type and mutant SARS-CoV-2 between moderate to severe NAFLD and control groups. The seroconversion rate of neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type, delta variant and omicron variant was >97%, >89% and 0% after 6 months, respectively. There was also no difference in the rate of COVID-19 infection between the two groups (25.8% vs.