Prashanth Lingappa Kukkle

1 Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD), a synucleopathy, is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, encompassing symptoms beyond the hallmark triad of tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity. Recent evidence demonstrates that PD pathophysiology involves multiple circuits and molecular mechanisms beyond dopamine pathways (Caligiore et al. 2016; Pagonabarraga et al. 2021; Blesa et al. 2022).

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References , , , et al. 2003. “Functional Inactivation of a Fraction of Excitatory Synapses in Mice Deficient for the Active Zone Protein Bassoon.” Neuron 37: 787–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00088–6. , , , et al. 2024. “The Genetic Drivers of Juvenile, Young, and Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease in India.” Movement Disorders 39: 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.29676. , , , et al. 2010.