1 Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in the digestive system,[1] characterized by high rates of relapse, metastasis, and heterogeneity, making clinical management challenging.[2] Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), especially the anti-PD-1 therapy, has significantly changed the landscape of CRC therapy.[3, 4] However, a large number of patients still fail to respond to the ICB monotherapy due to primary or acquired drug resistance.[5-7] Hence,...