Xinying Yang

Viroids are the smallest infectious circular RNAs (circRNAs). They lack protein-coding capacity but can autonomously replicate in host cells by hijacking the host transcription mechanism (Hao et al. 2024). Some viroids encode hammerhead ribozymes (HHRs) in both polarities, mediating the cleavage of oligomeric transcripts in the replication (Di Serio et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2025).

Disclosure This manuscript has not been presented at any conference or meeting in any form (e.g., as an abstract, poster, or oral presentation). Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description jog70121-sup-0001-Supporting Material 1.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 16.2 KB Supporting Information S1: Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis (VPA group compared to other antiepileptic drug groups).