Keywords VEGF-B VEGFR-1 T follicular helper cells Tfh cells stemness senescence IgA Taurinivorans obesity Introduction Mucosal immunosurveillance plays an essential role in metabolic regulation, particularly via immunoglobulin A (IgA)-mediated control of the gut microbiota.1,2,3,4,5 This surveillance is executed in large part by IgA, which continuously monitors the intestinal microbiota to maintain gut homeostasis and prevent microbial encroachment that could disrupt host metabolism.1,2,3,4,5...