Qiangcheng Zeng

1 Introduction Tortricidae is the largest family of the so-called microlepidoptera, comprising three subfamilies: Tortricinae, Olethreutinae, and Chlidanotinae. The family is worldwide in distribution, and includes numerous important pests of crops, forests, and ornamental plants, as well as species used for biological control of invasive weeds (Randall et al. 2023) and as experimental models (Roe et al. 2009).

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Volume 16 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1698779 1 Introduction Continuous cropping (CC) refers to repeated cultivation of the same crop in the same field over many years. Owing to limited arable land and rising food demand, CC remains a prevalent agricultural practice in developing countries (Lei et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2021).

Abstract HIV poses a significant threat to human health. Although some progress has been made in the development of an HIV vaccine, there is currently no reported success in achieving an effective and fully functional vaccine for HIV. This highlights the challenges involved in HIV vaccine development. Through mathematical modeling, we have conducted a systematic study on the impact of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) on HIV-specific immune responses.