Qiaosi Li

Introduction Climate change is inducing the redistribution of species globally, with variable consequences for ecosystems and humanity (Pecl et al., 2017). Under a warming climate, species have shifted to higher latitudes and altitudes, but the spatial and temporal patterns of these shifts are complex due to habitat fragmentation from human activities, which can impede the natural direction of shifts (Hickling et al., 2006; Pecl et al., 2017; Lenoir et al., 2020).

2.2. Remote Sensing Data and Processing Multispectral Sentinel-2 imagery, airborne hyperspectral imagery, and discrete return LiDAR data of the study area were used as the main remote sensing data. The Sentinel-2 (S2) imagery includes 13 spectral bands in 3 spatial resolutions: 10 m in the blue, green, red, and near-infrared (NIR) bands, 20 m in 3 vegetation red-edge, a narrow NIR, and 2 SWIR bands, and 60 m in coastal aerosol and water vapor bands.