Qingyang Yin

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description smll72025-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx31.8 MB Supporting File: smll72025-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx.

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The authors have nothing to report. References 1, , , et al., “Electric Vehicle Batteries Alone could Satisfy Short-Term Grid Storage Demand by as Early as 2030,” Nature Communications 14 (2023): 119, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35393-0.