Qiusu Miao

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and other energy storage systems that demand a high energy density. Lithium metal, with its high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh/g) and low density, is a promising candidate for use in high-energy anodes. Yet, challenges like lithium dendrite growth, reduced efficiency, and safety concerns persist in lithium metal batteries with liquid electrolytes.

1 Introduction The swift advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has established it as a leading and mature power source for a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics, and electric vehicles to grid-scale energy storage.