Rafael Barrientos

1 Introduction Multitrophic interactions include an array of complex relationships among organisms at the same and/or different trophic levels, which shape ecosystem dynamics and maintain biodiversity (Pascual and Dunne 2005). Among them, predation, competition, and mutualism are essential for ecosystem functioning (Ings et al. 2009). These interactions involve different agents and may be direct or indirect.

I. INTRODUCTION Human development and the associated infrastructure (land-use transformations, industry, urbanisation, new energy developments) constitute one of the main drivers of ecological change and biodiversity loss (Visconti et al., 2016). Regardless of the type of infrastructure, this encroachment on natural landscapes leads to habitat loss (Van Der Ree, Smith & Grilo, 2015; Borda-de-Água et al., 2017; Biasotto & Kindel, 2018; Marques et al., 2020).

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