Ranjeev Kumar Parashar

Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description smll202503767-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdf11.4 MB Supporting Information References 1, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Crown Currency, Hobart, 2017. 2, , , , , , , , , Nature 2025, 637, 801. 3, , , , Front. Neurosci. 2024, 18, 1498684. 4, , Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2308129. 5, , , , , , , , , Nature 2025, 640, 69. 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , et al., APL Mater.

1 Introduction The field of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has experienced a tremendous evolution over recent decades, both in terms of fundamental studies and potential applications. MOFs are generally composed of metal ions or metal-ions-based clusters called ‘nodes’ and multitopic ligands called ‘arms’ or ‘linkers’, coupled to the ‘nodes’. Bulk MOFs are commonly synthesized via a solvothermal procedure performed at high temperatures followed by slow cooling (2–5 °C/h).

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a specific class of hybrid, crystalline, nano-porous materials made of metal-ion-based ‘nodes’ and organic linkers. Most of the studies on MOFs largely focused on porosity, chemical and structural diversity, gas sorption, sensing, drug delivery, catalysis, and separation applications.