Ream Al-Hasani

Abstract Early life stress (ELS) profoundly impacts the brain and correlates with negative affective behaviors in adulthood. The locus coeruleus (LC), a stress-responsive brainstem nucleus that supplies most of the brain with norepinephrine (NE), is known to modulate negative affect. Using repeated maternal separation stress (MSS), we investigated the impact of ELS on the LC and stress-related behaviors in adulthood.

Abstract Mu-opioid receptor (µOR) agonists such as fentanyl have long been used for pain management, but are considered a major public health concern owing to their adverse side effects, including lethal overdose1.