Reyard Mutamiswa

1 Introduction The false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a key agricultural pest endemic to sub-Saharan Africa (Bloem et al. 2007; Hofmeyr et al. 2015; Hattingh et al. 2020).

1 INTRODUCTION The false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an endemic pest to sub-Saharan Africa.1 It is a polyphagous pest that infests a wide array of cultivated and wild fruits and nuts.1 Amongst the cultivated fruit, citrus is a preferred host, particularly Navel oranges.1-6 Thaumatotibia leucotreta infestation leads to premature fruit drop before harvest, and severe infestations can result in crop losses and potential rejections at...

Adult sub-lethal heat shock treatments Newly emerged adults of S. frugiperda (24 h old) were individually heat-shocked in propylene vials at 32, 35, or 38 °C for 2 h in a programmable water bath (model Tx150; Grant Instruments, Shepreth, UK) using the plunge protocol (e.g., Chidawanyika and Terblanche, 2011). These non-lethal high temperature–time combinations for heat shock were chosen based on preliminary trials in which survival was assessed under similar static thermal regimes.