Gas–solid flow systems are widely used in industrial processes such as fluid catalytic cracking [1], [2], methanol to olefins [3], biomass pyrolysis [4], [5] et al. due to sufficient gas–solid contact and excellent heat and mass transfer characteristics [6], [7], [8], [9]. However, there generally exists complicated mesoscale structures produced by the intrinsic instabilities of gas–solid flow systems, such as bubble-like voids, streamers, and clusters [10], [11], [12].
