Rizwan Matloob Ellahi

Abstract This review examines the integration of digital twin (DT) technology in livestock supply chain management, with particular attention to cattle and dairy systems, emphasizing stakeholder perspectives and its role in advancing sustainability and agricultural productivity. Positioned within the frameworks of Industry 4.0 and Agriculture 4.0, DT adoption offers opportunities for precision farming by enhancing decision-making, transparency, and efficiency.

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 2025. Explainable Generative AI Models for Secure Decision-Making in Cloud-Based Systems. , , and . 2024. “Ethical Considerations of Generative Ai: A Survey Exploring the Role of Decision Makers in the Loop.” Proceedings of the AAAI Symposium Series 3, no. 1: 391–398. , and . 2024. “Toward Clinical Generative AI: Conceptual Framework.” JMIR AI 3, no. 1: e55957. , , , , and . 2024.

1 Introduction The global business landscape has been dramatically reshaped by the increasing complexity and interconnectedness of supply chains, a result of intensified competition, globalization, and sustainable development requirements (Holgado and Niess 2023). While this complexity offers competitive advantages through improved resource utilization, it also exposes supply chains to heightened vulnerability from external disruptions (Verma and Gustafsson 2020).