Robbie P Joosten

1 INTRODUCTION Halogen bonds, sometimes referred to as X-bonds, are polar interactions between a halogen atom and an acceptor atom. A halogen bond occurs due to polarization of the σ-bond between the halogen and its connecting atom. This causes a positive charge on the opposite side of the halogen atom, the so-called σ-hole (Figure 1; Clark et al., 2007).

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered protein structure prediction methods have revolutionised how life scientists explore macromolecular function. Using AI to predict the structure of macromolecular complexes, is gaining attention for modelling known interactions and evaluating the likelihood of proteins forming multimers or interacting with other proteins or nucleic acids. There is a growing need for tools to efficiently evaluate these predicted models.

Abstract Foldit is a citizen science video game in which players tackle a variety of complex biochemistry puzzles. Here, we describe a new series of puzzles in which Foldit players improve the accuracy of the public repository of experimental protein structure models, the Protein Data Bank (PDB). These efforts highlight the continued need for the engagement of the lay population in science.