Robert Barkin

Introduction Zolpidem is a major hypnotic agent that selectively targets the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor. Due to the short acting effect and general tolerability, it has been a preferred choice among prescribers and patients for treating insomnia (Olson, 2008).

1 Introduction The current international analgesic landscape is characterized by a significant global increase in the use of prescription opioid (Upp and Waljee, 2020; Di Gaudio et al., 2021). In fact, 15.2% of the adult Spanish population admits having used opioid analgesics, at some point in their lives (Spanish Observatory on Drugs and Addictions OEDA, 2021), with observed differences in the use and the presence of any opioid use disorder (OUD) between sexes (McHugh et al., 2018).

Nobuko Ohashi1 and Tatsuro Kohno2* 1Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan 2Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used analgesic agents for treating acute and chronic pain. However, its metabolism is complex, and its analgesic mechanisms have not been completely understood.