Roberto Armani

In this episode of Elektor Engineering Insights, Roberto Armani demonstrates practical oscilloscope techniques for audio amplifier testing. Objective Measurement in the Audio Lab In the latest episode of Elektor Engineering Insights, I speak with long-time Elektor contributor and senior editor Roberto Armani about hands-on methods for analyzing audio amplifiers using an oscilloscope.

Compared to wiring, the printed circuit board allows us to organize our designs in a professional, rational and compact manner. However, to ensure its safe operation, some basic physical aspects must be considered when high voltage is present and/or some PCB tracks are subjected to heavy current flows. In this article, we look at what to do, but more importantly, what not to do! Background The printed circuit board (PCB) has undoubtedly revolutionized the way electronic circuits are made.

In writing technical articles, we often risk losing some language accuracy, and this becomes more evident in rigorous fields — such as metrology — where each term has a very specific usage and, generally, inappropriate terminology is not well-tolerated. Measurements A measurement is, by definition, a numerical relationship resulting from the comparison of a given quantity to another, homogeneous to it and of known value, considered as a reference.