Robyn Morley

1 INTRODUCTION Facial exposure to cold air or water is a common occurrence in many natural and occupational environments, as reflected by the high frequency of frostbite on facial regions (Harirchi et al., 2005; Hassi & Mäkinen, 2000; Lehmuskallio et al., 1995). Moreover, isolated facial cooling may contribute to the elevated risk of cardiovascular events associated with cold-weather activities, such as snow shovelling (Auger et al., 2017; Nichols et al., 2012; Polcaro-Pichet et al., 2019).