doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120149. Online ahead of print. Affiliations Affiliations 1 Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Sanitary engineering, Department of Water management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, Delft, GA 2600, the Netherlands.