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Introduction Feeding toolkits of proposed fossil predators are typically explored through functional morphology, often with comparison to modern analogues. In the last two decades, there has been a focus on modelling animals using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical analyses, including finite element analyses (FEA) (Ross, 2005; Rayfield, 2007; van Heteren et al., 2021; Rowe & Snively, 2022).
Summary: ideas for palaeontologists FEA is no longer an incipient technique in the fields of palaeontology, anthropology, and evolutionary biology. Instead, it is nowadays a well-established technique within functional virtual morphology toolkit that has been used in more than 750 biological and evolutionary publications between 2005 and 2020 (Tseng, 2021). Most of this works present FEA models without non-linearities.
Introduction Structure-function relationships underlie many hypotheses about patterns of morphological disparity in organisms (Lauder, 1981; Lauder & Thomason, 1995). Among the major tools in estimating the functional performance of vertebrate structures in particular is the use of biomechanical simulations to predict traits like bite force, structural stiffness, mechanical efficiency, etc. (Richmond et al., 2005; Ross, 2005).
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