MODE is widely used for solving MMOPs, which are named as MMEAs. First, the definition of DE algorithm and APC is presented. The corresponding definitions, including local PS, global PS, local PF and global PF, can be referred to Li et al. (2022). In a typical MMOP, only one global PF maps to either a single PS or multiple global PSs, as shown in Fig. 1. However, in an MMOP with a local Pareto front (MMOPL), there exist local PFs and only one global PF, as depicted in Fig. 2.
