Ru-Yin Tsai

Key Words: Chronic pain analgesic pain management spinal pain back ache Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a prevalent condition that significantly impairs quality of life and places a substantial burden on healthcare systems around the world (1). It is characterized by persistent pain and disability, often leading to reduced physical activity and productivity, as well as increased reliance on healthcare services (1, 2).

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS; also designated as acne inversa) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, which affects the intertriginous skin and is associated with numerous systemic comorbidities. The estimated prevalence of HS is ~1% in most studied countries. Typically starting in early adulthood, cutaneous inflamed nodules, abscesses and pus-discharging tunnels develop in axillary, inguinal, gluteal and perianal body sites.

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