Ruben Fuentes Artiles

Sex- and gender-specific medicine must expand to include the health disparities affecting men, who face distinct and under-researched health disparities just as women do in some medical fields. Despite its broad relevance, the field is still primarily led by women, which may inadvertently limit male engagement and distort its scope. Men should join women in actively shaping healthcare into a more inclusive and intersectional system that benefits all.

1 INTRODUCTION Sex and gender are increasingly recognized as crucial determinants of health across all medical disciplines.1 While ‘sex’ pertains to biological characteristics rooted in genetics, hormones and reproductive anatomy, ‘gender’ refers to sociocultural dimensions, including attitudes, behaviours and identities.2 The field of gender medicine has evolved significantly from its origins during the women's health movement in the 1960s and 1970s, when advocacy for reproductive rights and...

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is recognized as a major public health problem and affects over 64 million people worldwide with increasing tendency.1 Understanding the characteristics of HF has become imperative for clinical and research practice alike to enhance diagnostic precision, optimize therapeutic approaches and improve patient outcomes.2 The well-established, international classification subdivides patients based on their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which has been...