Ruocan Zhao

Abstract Photon-counting dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) opens new possibilities for deploying DCS in scenarios previously constrained by limited detection sensitivity. However, inevitable optical path fluctuations hinder its practical implementation. Here, we propose a method to ensure the long-term stability of photon-counting DCS, overcoming turbulent optical paths, achieving attowatt-level detection sensitivity and quick acquisition times.

1 Introduction The space weather in the thermosphere and exosphere has nonnegligible impact on the space-based instruments, global navigation and communications (Morley, 2020; Riley et al., 2018). The space weather is affected by the solar activity, geomagnetic field, wave propagation from below, and coupling of plasma and neutral atmosphere in the thermosphere and lower exosphere (Daglis et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2009; Vadas & Nicolls, 2012).

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