Ruocheng Yin

1 Introduction Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), which clinically encompasses stages T3–T4 and/or node-positive (N+) disease without distant metastasis, accounts for approximately 70% of all rectal cancer cases. Traditional treatments mostly adopt a comprehensive treatment strategy that includes neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT), followed by total mesorectal excision (TME), and then adjuvant chemotherapy (aCT) [1-3].

1. Introduction Nanopositioning devices, such as piezoelectric actuators (PEAs), are broadly used in many high-precision industries, products, and systems due to their advantages of fast response and high motion resolution. As one of the most popular nanopositioning devices, PEAs have been implemented in various applications, such as atomic force microscopes (AFMs) [1,2], micro forming [3], and adaptive optics [4].

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are extensively distributed in the environment. However, a comprehensive review and in-depth discussion on the effects of MPs and NPs to reproductive capacity and transgenerational toxicity on mammals, especially on humans, is lacked. It is suggested that microplastics and nanoplastics could accumulate in mammalian reproductive organs and exert toxic effects on the reproductive system for both sexes.