Ryan Baring

1 INTRODUCTION Accurate diet estimation underpins our understanding of predator–prey interactions and foraging behaviours (Munroe et al., 2018; Nielsen et al., 2018). While traditional methods, such as visual analysis of stomach contents and direct observations of predation events, remain cornerstones of trophic ecology, their inherent biases and limitations of these techniques (Amundsen & Sánchez-Hernández, 2019; Nielsen et al., 2018) necessitate the use of complementary biochemical approaches.

1 Introduction Livestock grazing is globally one of the most widespread land uses and influences biotic processes that affect soil, fauna and flora communities. The basic principles of sustainable grazing management focus on ensuring stocking rates do not exceed the carrying capacity of the land (O'Reagain et al. 2014).

ABSTRACT In developed coastal areas, shorebirds utilising sandy beaches as their primary habitat are often disturbed by human activities. Shorebird responses to human activities can have fitness consequences, through changes in their behaviour.