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As a journalist, you can create a free Muck Rack account to customize your profile, list your contact preferences, and upload a portfolio of your best work.Articles
Individuals reciprocate negative actions revealing negative upstream reciprocity
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Abstract Indirect reciprocity is widely recognized as a mechanism for explaining cooperation and can be divided into two sub-concepts: downstream and upstream reciprocity. Downstream reciprocity is supported by reputation; if someone sees you helping someone else, the person who sees this will think higher of you, and you will be more likely to be helped.
Justified defection is neither justified nor unjustified in indirect reciprocity
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Hitoshi Yamamoto , Takahisa Suzuki, Ryohei Umetani Hitoshi Yamamoto, Takahisa Suzuki, Ryohei Umetani Published: June 30, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235137 Figures Abstract Indirect reciprocity is one of the major mechanisms in the evolution of human cooperation. In indirect reciprocity, social norms with which individuals distinguish good people from bad people play essential roles.
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