Ryoki Sasaki

AMT active motor threshold AP anterior–posterior CI confidence interval CV coefficient of variation EEG electroencephalography EMD estimated mean differences EMM estimated marginal means FDI first dorsal interosseous GLMM generalised linear mixed model iTBS intermittent theta burst stimulation LTD long-term depression LTP long-term potentiation MEP motor evoked potential M1 primary motor cortex PA posterior–anterior RMT resting motor threshold SICI short-interval intracortical inhibition tACS...

Abstract Objectives: I-wave periodicity repetitive paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTMS) can modify acquisition of a novel motor skill, but the associated neurophysiological effects remain unclear. The current study therefore used combined TMS-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to investigate the neurophysiological effects of iTMS on subsequent visuomotor training (VT).

Limitations and other considerations In order to examine the effect of TMS coil orientation and muscle activation on the neuroplastic response to iTMS, we had to use a modified iTMS protocol that was specific to each experimental session. In particular, we used a shortened protocol of 10 min (120 paired stimuli) in Experiment 1 to avoid coil overheating during AP iTMS, and we used a 5-min protocol (60 paired stimuli) in Experiments 2 and 3 to avoid fatigue during muscle activation.