Samantha Stover

1 Introduction Pregnancy loss, including miscarriage, stillbirth, and early neonatal death, is a common outcome affecting approximately one-third of pregnancies after implantation (Wilcox et al. 1988; Zinaman et al. 1996; Wang et al. 2003). While structural anomalies markedly increase the risk of loss, most losses lack identifiable malformations, with causes ranging from placental or maternal conditions to genetic abnormalities (Son et al. 2021; Roston et al. 2020; Man et al. 2016).

Background: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUTs) represent 15%–20% of prenatally diagnosed abnormalities. Maternal characteristics, the frequency of various forms of kidney disease including CAKUT referred for prenatal nephrology consultation, and their perinatal outcomes are less well defined.