Santosh Nayak

Abstract In the automotive industry, ultrasonic welding (USW) stands out as a highly effective solid-state welding technique. It is specifically designed for joining components within lithium-ion battery modules and energy storage systems. To achieve an optimal weight-to-body ratio, dissimilar materials like aluminum, copper, and nickel are joined to reduce the weight of electrical and electronic devices.

1 INTRODUCTION Fusarium wilt (FW), caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL), is a serious problem on lettuce around the world. This disease was first reported in Japan in the 1960s, at which time it was termed root rot of lettuce (Matuo & Motohashi, 1967), and later it was detected in the United States in 1990, in a commercial lettuce field near Huron, Fresno County, California (Hubbard & Gerik, 1993).