Saraschandran Kottakalam

1. Introduction The development of zero-impact emission powertrains remains the focus of the automotive industry, as dictated by climate goals and customer expectations. The use of renewable fuels like hydrogen and methanol in internal combustion engines (ICEs) provides a promising path to achieve this goal. However, these new fuels have different properties from gasoline, and therefore, the spark ignition phenomenon of these fuels needs to be studied further.