Satyadhrik Sharma

Practical Applications Unreinforced brick masonry walls are common in both historic and modern buildings, but these are particularly vulnerable to earthquake damage, especially when they bend out of their plane. Engineering assessments often assume identical motion at the top and bottom of the wall or use models that imply this assumption. However, in real buildings, walls usually experience different motions at their boundaries.

1 Introduction Masonry structures, particularly those made of unreinforced masonry (URM), are very common around the world due to the accessibility of the material, a simple construction process, high durability, low maintenance costs, and so forth [1].