Serap Ozer Yaman

1 Introduction Bee products such as honey, propolis, and bee pollen are recognized as functional foods due to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and tissue-regenerative properties. Owing to these bioactivities, they are increasingly utilized, either individually or in combination, as complementary therapeutic agents in various health-related applications.

1 Introduction Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antineoplastic drug, is employed in the treatment of various types of cancer, primarily breast, lung cancer, leukemia, lymphomas, and soft tissue sarcomas. However, despite being effective against cancer cells, it can also harm healthy cells (Erbaş et al. 2024).

1. Introduction Cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by processes such as the excessive proliferation of cells, dysfunction of cell death mechanisms, invasion, and metastasis [1]. Today, it is one of the leading health problems due to its incidence and mortality rate [2]. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers are a group of cancers of the GI tract and digestive organs, such as the stomach, heart, bile ducts, pancreas, esophagus, colon, and rectum [3].