Sewa Ram

Urban traffic congestion has shifted from being treated as a static, point-condition imbalance between demand and capacity to a dynamic, propagating network phenomenon shaped by geometry, driver interaction, side friction, land use, and signal control. This is particularly true for Indian and other mixed-traffic cities, where lane-less movement, heterogeneous vehicle classes, intense pedestrian and non-motorised activity, and weak lane discipline destabilise classical models.

Abstract In the pursuit of sustainable and livable urban environments, road safety remains a fundamental yet often under-addressed pillar. This study advances a human-centric approach to urban mobility planning by integrating psychological risk perception into spatial crash prediction models. Conventional frameworks frequently overlook the behavioral dimensions of safety, resulting in interventions that lack contextual sensitivity.

1. Introduction Railways are the key components of a sustainable transport system that enhances mobility and serves to alleviate the economic and environmental impacts of road and air transport systems. A public transit system must be well connected to its surroundings. Railway stations play a vital role in transporting passengers from their origin to their destination, and rail is the cheapest mode of travel in India compared to any other inter-regional mode of travel.