Shafaet Ahmed

3.1. Tannin Characterization Tannins were extracted from the bark with hot water. Table 1 shows that the tannin yield was significantly ( p < 0.05) higher in ponderosa pine bark (12.32 ± 0.31%) than in radiata pine bark (9.09 ± 0.50%). This observation aligns with previous studies reporting interspecies variability in polyphenolic content due to differences in bark anatomy, age, and environmental adaptation.

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