Shahabe Saquib

Oral health is a critical health concern with 43.3% of children in India suffering from oral health issues such as dental caries [1]. Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), including cerebral palsy (CP), Down syndrome (DS), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), have a notably greater prevalence of oral health problems [2].

1. Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, has become a prominent concern worldwide, owing to its prevalence and association with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and stroke (1–3). Genetics and environmental factors are both involved in the etiology of this disorder (4).