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INTRODUCTION Endosymbiosis, a process in which one organism lives inside another, is fundamental to the evolution of eukaryotic cells, which contain endosymbiotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts (Timmis et al., 2004; Archibald, 2009). According to the endosymbiotic theory, these organelles originated from engulfed bacteria that gradually established a stable, mutualistic relationship with their host over evolutionary time.
Keywords RNA methylation Nsp16 Nsp10 RNA capping Introduction Coronaviruses (CoVs) modify 2′-OH of ribose sugar of the first transcribed nucleotide (N1) to protect their mRNA from degradation and host innate immune recognition.1 The N1 base (usually A1 in CoVs, A1/G1 in other RNA viruses) is enzymatically modified with the sequential attachment of an RNA cap and its subsequent methylation by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases.2,3 The capping of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA includes...
1. Introduction Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a non-infectious chronic disease caused by malfunction in glucose and lipid metabolism. The progression of disease can result in lesions in organs, major arteries, and microvessels. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 110 persons aged 20 to 79 has DM, amounting to 537 million people. T2DM is the most common, accounting for 85.0–95.0% of total DM prevalence. Therefore, prevention and treatment of T2DM effectively is a hot topic.
Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 illness, has caused millions of infections worldwide. In SARS coronaviruses, the non-structural protein 16 (nsp16), in conjunction with nsp10, methylates the 5′-end of virally encoded mRNAs to mimic cellular mRNAs, thus protecting the virus from host innate immune restriction.
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