Shengqi Yin

1 Introduction Radiotherapy (RT) remains a cornerstone in the management of malignant tumors, inducing cell death through direct biomolecular destruction and indirect oxidative damage via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1, 2]. However, the clinical efficacy of RT is often severely compromised by intrinsic tumor heterogeneity, particularly the hypoxic microenvironment, which confers significant radioresistance relative to normal tissues.