Shi-Ying Li

Abstract The increasing demand for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, coupled with a global shortage of anesthesiologists, underscores the need for intelligent automation in anesthesia care. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising strategy for autonomous anesthesia control, yet prospective clinical validation remains limited.

1. Introduction The urbanization process in China is currently experiencing a rapid development. However, this process has resulted in high-intensity development and rapid expansion that have significantly impacted the urban environment. This has triggered a series of urban diseases, such as the heat island effect, noise pollution, light pollution, air pollution, etc., which have seriously reduced the quality of the urban living environment.

1School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2Department of Ultrasound Medical Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 3Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by a high degree of malignancy, early metastasis,...