Shouqi Cao

1. Introduction Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), as a continuously evolving composite material, exhibits numerous advantageous properties, including high specific strength, elevated specific modulus, exceptional fatigue resistance, and remarkable corrosion resistance [1]. It possesses excellent stability and strong acid resistance and is capable of withstanding the corrosion and immersion of concentrated hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, among its other merits [2].

1. Introduction With the continuous growth of urban traffic congestion and the increasing number of vehicles, traffic accidents have become a serious societal issue. In this context, V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) technology, as a key component of intelligent transportation systems, offers new solutions to enhance traffic safety, playing a crucial role in improving road safety [1].

Abstract : The lithium-ion battery is the power source of an electric vehicle, so it is of great significance to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries accurately to ensure vehicle safety. To improve the accuracy of the parameters of the equivalent circuit model for batteries, a second-order RC model for ternary Li-ion batteries is established, and the model parameters are identified online based on the forgetting factor recursive least squares (FFRLS) estimator.