Shunde Yin

Practical Applications This study provides a comprehensive numerical framework for optimizing the performance of two-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs), offering practical guidance for their deployment in wastewater treatment and energy recovery. By integrating electrochemical, mass transfer, and fluid dynamic models, the research identifies key operational factors—such as acetate concentration, flow rate, and temperature—that critically influence power output and biofilm stability.

1. Introduction With the continuous growth in global energy demand and the worsening environmental pollution, the search for clean and sustainable energy solutions has become an urgent global task. Prolonged reliance on fossil fuels not only exacerbates geopolitical tensions in energy supply but also intensifies environmental issues such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change [1,2]. Consequently, hydrogen, as an ideal clean energy source, has attracted widespread attention.

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