Siar Niazi

1 INTRODUCTION Nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the leading cause of acute optic nerve infarction in adults over 50 years and can cause permanent visual loss (Hathaway et al., 2024, Salvetat et al., 2023). Estimated incidence is 2–10 per 100 000 persons (Foster et al., 2024; Hattenhauer et al., 1997) and it presents as sudden, painless, monocular visual loss with optic disc swelling.

Abstract Accurate health assessments in the Emergency Department are critical for guiding treatment decisions. However, these assessments are often heavily influenced by chronological age, which does not reflect the variability in physiological health among patients, particularly older adults. Biological age estimation based on biomarkers may better indicate a patient’s true health status. However, its use in acute care Emergency Department settings is not established.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.