Sieh Kiong Tiong

1 INTRODUCTION The ever-growing world population is putting an increasing strain on the global demand for food and energy. In 2021, about 83% of the world's energy production was still reliant on fossil fuels (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2023). The rapid burning of fossil fuels has released high levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially carbon dioxide (CO2), into the atmosphere.

Main Article Content Keywords Hotspot, HDBSCAN, infection disease, COVID-19 Abstract A significant global health problem nowadays is the incidence of serious infectious illnesses. An extraordinary humanitarian crisis has been brought on by the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has spread around the world. The spread of new viruses has put established healthcare institutions under tremendous strain and created a number of pressing problems.

Main Article Content Keywords contact networks, human mobility simulation, epidemic control policy Abstract According to mobility data that records mobility traffic using location trackers on mobile phones, the COVID-19 epidemic and the adoption of social distance policies have drastically altered people’s visiting patterns. However, rather than the volume of visitors, the transmission is controlled by the frequency and length of concurrent occupation at particular places.