Sigal Klainbart

Introduction Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma in dogs presents a complex challenge, often involving multiple anatomical structures and necessitating individualized treatment strategies to achieve optimal recovery outcomes. Published veterinary studies have examined CMF fracture characteristics, including location, morphology, classification, etiology, and demographic data (1, 2) and the associations between these factors and prognosis (2–4).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflicts of interest. REFERENCES 1, , . Anatomy of the Dog. 1st ed. WB Saunders; 1964. 2, , , et al. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a comparative study and review of the literature. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008; 86(3): 962-966. 3. Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum: causes, diagnosis and treatment. Equine Vet Ed. 2009; 21(12): 627-628. 4, , , . Tracheal rupture associated with intubation in cats: 20 cases (1996–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000; 216(10): 1592-1595.

AKI acute kidney injury ALP alkaline phosphatase ALT alanine transaminase aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time AST aspartate transaminase ATA antithrombin activity AUC area under the 1st derivative curve CK creatine kinase CT clotting time DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation FFP fresh frozen plasma GGT γ-glutamyl transpeptidase MCF maximum clot firmness ML maximum lysis MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome NRBC nucleated red blood cells PP postpresentation PT prothrombin time...