Simo N. Maduna

1 INTRODUCTION Local adaptation to environmental conditions is one of the main drivers of evolution with organisms adapting to biotic and abiotic factors that are changing over time and space (Kawecki & Ebert, 2004). In species that occupy heterogeneous environments this process can lead to adaptive divergence of populations on different geographic scales even in the face of neutral homogeneity and an absence of physical barriers to gene flow (Attard et al., 2018; Gleason & Burton, 2016).

1 INTRODUCTION Colonization of new areas and environments often leads to profound changes in host–parasite associations (Hoberg & Brooks, 2008, 2015; Nazarizadeh et al., 2023). Some parasites present in a source population may not survive in new environments, for example, due to a lack of suitable intermediate hosts (Hoberg & Brooks, 2008).

Laura Casas* and Fran Saborido-Rey* Institute of Marine Research, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain Stock assessments serve to monitor the condition of fish stocks and exploit them sustainably but require accurate data such as growth and mortality rates as input parameters. Most species fished worldwide lack the data needed to assess their status and even those closely assessed are often based on parameters that are known to contain uncertainty.